mei client bus will present some of the mei clients
as devices for other standard subsystems
Implement the probe, remove, match, device addtion routines, along with
the sysfs and uevent ones. mei_cl_device_id is also added to
mod_devicetable.h
A mei-cleint-bus.txt document describing the rationale and the API usage
is also added while ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-mei describeis the modalias ABI.
Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Tomas Winkler <tomas.winkler@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
This reverts commit 1869305009 ("mm: introduce VM_POPULATE flag to
better deal with racy userspace programs").
VM_POPULATE only has any effect when userspace plays racy games with
vmas by trying to unmap and remap memory regions that mmap or mlock are
operating on.
Also, the only effect of VM_POPULATE when userspace plays such games is
that it avoids populating new memory regions that get remapped into the
address range that was being operated on by the original mmap or mlock
calls.
Let's remove VM_POPULATE as there isn't any strong argument to mandate a
new vm_flag.
Signed-off-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Pull USB fixes from Greg Kroah-Hartman:
"Here are some USB fixes to resolve issues reported recently, as well
as a new device id for the ftdi_sio driver."
* tag 'usb-3.9-rc4' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/usb:
usb: ftdi_sio: Add support for Mitsubishi FX-USB-AW/-BD
usb: Fix compile error by selecting USB_OTG_UTILS
USB: serial: fix hang when opening port
USB: EHCI: fix bug in iTD/siTD DMA pool allocation
xhci: Don't warn on empty ring for suspended devices.
usb: xhci: Fix TRB transfer length macro used for Event TRB.
usb/acpi: binding xhci root hub usb port with ACPI
usb: add find_raw_port_number callback to struct hc_driver()
usb: xhci: fix build warning
Pull char/misc driver fixes from Greg Kroah-Hartman:
"Here are some small char/misc driver fixes that resolve issues
recently reported against the 3.9-rc kernels. All have been in
linux-next for a while."
* tag 'char-misc-3.9-rc4' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/char-misc:
VMCI: Fix process-to-process DRGAMs.
mei: ME hardware reset needs to be synchronized
mei: add mei_stop function to stop mei device
extcon: max77693: Initialize register of MUIC device to bring up it without platform data
extcon: max77693: Fix bug of wrong pointer when platform data is not used
extcon: max8997: Check the pointer of platform data to protect null pointer error
Pull userns fixes from Eric W Biederman:
"The bulk of the changes are fixing the worst consequences of the user
namespace design oversight in not considering what happens when one
namespace starts off as a clone of another namespace, as happens with
the mount namespace.
The rest of the changes are just plain bug fixes.
Many thanks to Andy Lutomirski for pointing out many of these issues."
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ebiederm/user-namespace:
userns: Restrict when proc and sysfs can be mounted
ipc: Restrict mounting the mqueue filesystem
vfs: Carefully propogate mounts across user namespaces
vfs: Add a mount flag to lock read only bind mounts
userns: Don't allow creation if the user is chrooted
yama: Better permission check for ptraceme
pid: Handle the exit of a multi-threaded init.
scm: Require CAP_SYS_ADMIN over the current pidns to spoof pids.
The Marvell EBU SoCs have a configurable physical address space
layout: the physical ranges of memory used to address PCI(e)
interfaces, NOR flashes, SRAM and various other types of memory are
configurable by software, through a mechanism of so-called 'address
decoding windows'.
This new driver mvebu-mbus consolidates the existing code to address
the configuration of these memory ranges, which is spread into
mach-mvebu, mach-orion5x, mach-mv78xx0, mach-dove and mach-kirkwood.
Following patches convert each Marvell EBU SoC family to use this
driver, therefore removing the old code that was configuring the
address decoding windows.
It is worth mentioning that the MVEBU_MBUS Kconfig option is
intentionally added as a blind option. The new driver implements and
exports the mv_mbus_dram_info() function, which is used by various
Marvell drivers throughout the tree to get access to window
configuration parameters that they require. This function is also
implemented in arch/arm/plat-orion/addr-map.c, which ultimately gets
removed at the end of this patch series. So, in order to preserve
bisectability, we want to ensure that *either* this new driver, *or*
the legacy code in plat-orion/addr-map.c gets compiled in.
By making MVEBU_MBUS a blind option, we are sure that only a platform
that does 'select MVEBU_MBUS' will get this new driver compiled
in. Therefore, throughout the next patches that convert the Marvell
sub-architectures one after the other to this new driver, we add the
'select MVEBU_MBUS' and also ensure to remove plat-orion/addr-map.c
from the build for this specific sub-architecture. This ensures that
bisectability is preserved.
Ealier versions of this driver had a DT binding, but since those were
not yet agreed upon, they were removed. The driver still uses
of_device_id to find the SoC specific details according to the string
passed to mvebu_mbus_init(). The plan is to re-introduce a proper DT
binding as a followup set of patches.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Petazzoni <thomas.petazzoni@free-electrons.com>
Acked-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Jason Cooper <jason@lakedaemon.net>
Translates SCSI commands in SG_IO ioctl to NVMe commands.
Uses the scsi-nvme translation spec from nvmexpress.org as reference.
Signed-off-by: Vishal Verma <vishal.l.verma@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <matthew.r.wilcox@intel.com>
This patch (as1675) removes the CONFIG_USB_SUSPEND option, essentially
replacing it everywhere with CONFIG_PM_RUNTIME (except for one place
in hub.c, where it is replaced with CONFIG_PM because the code needs
to be used in both runtime and system PM). The net result is code
shrinkage and simplification.
There's very little point in keeping CONFIG_USB_SUSPEND because almost
everybody enables it. The few that don't will find that the usbcore
module has gotten somewhat bigger and they will have to take active
measures if they want to prevent hubs from being runtime suspended.
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
CC: Peter Chen <peter.chen@freescale.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
The issue was that if the connection broke while we did the
gracefull state change to C_DISCONNECTING (C_TEARDOWN), then
we returned a success code from the state engine. (SS_CW_NO_NEED)
The result of that is that we missed to call the fence-peer
script in such a case.
Fixed that by introducing a new error code (SS_OUTDATE_WO_CONN).
This one should never reach back into user space.
Signed-off-by: Philipp Reisner <philipp.reisner@linbit.com>
Signed-off-by: Lars Ellenberg <lars.ellenberg@linbit.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
And some manual common subexpression elimination which may help the
compiler produce smaller code.
Signed-off-by: George Spelvin <linux@horizon.com>
Signed-off-by: Philipp Reisner <philipp.reisner@linbit.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
This ensures that a function pointer passed into CLOCKSOURCE_OF_DECLARE
takes the same arguments that we use for calling that function later.
Also fix the extraneous semicolon at end of the CLOCKSOURCE_OF_DECLARE
definition.
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Acked-by: Rob Herring <rob.herring@calxeda.com>
Tokenring support was deleted in v3.5. One last holdout of the macro
CONFIG_TR escaped that fate. Until now.
Signed-off-by: Paul Bolle <pebolle@tiscali.nl>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
The commit 40893fd(net: switch to use skb_probe_transport_header())
involes a new error accidently. When NET_SKBUFF_DATA_USES_OFFSE is
not enabled, below compile error happens:
CC net/packet/af_packet.o
net/packet/af_packet.c: In function ‘packet_sendmsg_spkt’:
net/packet/af_packet.c:1516:2: error: implicit declaration of function ‘skb_probe_transport_header’ [-Werror=implicit-function-declaration]
cc1: some warnings being treated as errors
make[2]: *** [net/packet/af_packet.o] Error 1
make[1]: *** [net/packet] Error 2
make: *** [net] Error 2
As it seems skb_probe_transport_header() is not related to
NET_SKBUFF_DATA_USES_OFFSE, we should move the definition of
skb_probe_transport_header() out of scope of
NET_SKBUFF_DATA_USES_OFFSE macro.
Cc: Jason Wang <jasowang@redhat.com>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Ying Xue <ying.xue@windriver.com>
Acked-by: Jason Wang <jasowang@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Clean out initialisation that is handled by SoC. Regulator
settings for Vpll (partly), Vsmps1, Vsmps2, Vsmps3 (partly),
Vrf1, Varm, Vape, Vbb, Vmod are cleaned out. They should not
be touched by the kernel.
We also update many of the initialisation values to be more
in-line with the current development efforts of ST-Ericsson
internal engineers.
Signed-off-by: Lee Jones <lee.jones@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@opensource.wolfsonmicro.com>
Conflicts:
include/net/ipip.h
The changes made to ipip.h in 'net' were already included
in 'net-next' before that header was moved to another location.
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Add some more chip IDs to bcma_pmu_get_alp_clock()
Signed-off-by: Hauke Mehrtens <hauke@hauke-m.de>
Signed-off-by: John W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>
Sometimes, we need probe and set the transport header for packets (e.g from
untrusted source). This patch introduces a new helper
skb_probe_transport_header() which tries to probe and set the l4 header through
skb_flow_dissect(), if not just set the transport header to the hint passed by
caller.
Cc: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Jason Wang <jasowang@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
The i915 driver uses sg lists for memory without backing 'struct page'
pages, similarly to other IO memory regions, setting only the DMA
address for these. It does this, so that it can program the HW MMU
tables in a uniform way both for sg lists with and without backing pages.
Without a valid page pointer we can't call nth_page to get the current
page in __sg_page_iter_next, so add a helper that relevant users can
call separately. Also add a helper to get the DMA address of the current
page (idea from Daniel).
Convert all places in i915, to use the new API.
Signed-off-by: Imre Deak <imre.deak@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Damien Lespiau <damien.lespiau@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
Only allow unprivileged mounts of proc and sysfs if they are already
mounted when the user namespace is created.
proc and sysfs are interesting because they have content that is
per namespace, and so fresh mounts are needed when new namespaces
are created while at the same time proc and sysfs have content that
is shared between every instance.
Respect the policy of who may see the shared content of proc and sysfs
by only allowing new mounts if there was an existing mount at the time
the user namespace was created.
In practice there are only two interesting cases: proc and sysfs are
mounted at their usual places, proc and sysfs are not mounted at all
(some form of mount namespace jail).
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serge.hallyn@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
When a read-only bind mount is copied from mount namespace in a higher
privileged user namespace to a mount namespace in a lesser privileged
user namespace, it should not be possible to remove the the read-only
restriction.
Add a MNT_LOCK_READONLY mount flag to indicate that a mount must
remain read-only.
CC: stable@vger.kernel.org
Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serge.hallyn@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Guarantee that the policy of which files may be access that is
established by setting the root directory will not be violated
by user namespaces by verifying that the root directory points
to the root of the mount namespace at the time of user namespace
creation.
Changing the root is a privileged operation, and as a matter of policy
it serves to limit unprivileged processes to files below the current
root directory.
For reasons of simplicity and comprehensibility the privilege to
change the root directory is gated solely on the CAP_SYS_CHROOT
capability in the user namespace. Therefore when creating a user
namespace we must ensure that the policy of which files may be access
can not be violated by changing the root directory.
Anyone who runs a processes in a chroot and would like to use user
namespace can setup the same view of filesystems with a mount
namespace instead. With this result that this is not a practical
limitation for using user namespaces.
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serge.hallyn@canonical.com>
Reported-by: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Mainly useful internally but exported since this is a public API that's
being checked for.
Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@opensource.wolfsonmicro.com>
There is no need to register an input device containing no events.
This allows drivers using the quirk MULTI_INPUT to register one input
per report effectively used.
For backward compatibility, we need to add a quirk to request
this behavior.
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Tissoires <benjamin.tissoires@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
The SCSI emulation has the ability to send format commands, so we need
to add the definition of the command. Also add a missing error code.
Signed-off-by: Vishal Verma <vishal.l.verma@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <matthew.r.wilcox@intel.com>
nvme-scsi.c uses several data structures and definitions that were
previously private to nvme-core.c. Move the definitions to nvme.h,
protected by __KERNEL__.
Signed-off-by: Vishal Verma <vishal.l.verma@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <matthew.r.wilcox@intel.com>
It turns out that some UEFI systems provide apparently an apparently valid
PCI ROM BAR that turns out to contain garbage, so the attempt in 547b52463
to prefer the ROM from the BAR actually breaks a different set of machines.
As Linus pointed out, the graphics drivers are probably in the best
position to make this judgement, so this basically reverts 547b52463 and
f9a37be0f and adds a new helper function. Followup patches will add support
to nouveau and radeon for probing this ROM source if they can't find a ROM
from some other source.
[bhelgaas: added reporter and bugzilla pointers, s/f4eb5ff05/547b52463]
Reference: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=927451
Reference: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/kg69ef$vdb$1@ger.gmane.org
Reported-by: Mantas Mikulėnas <grawity@gmail.com>
Reported-by: Chris Murphy <bugzilla@colorremedies.com>
Signed-off-by: Matthew Garrett <matthew.garrett@nebula.com>
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bhelgaas@google.com>
Pull networking fixes from David Miller:
1) Always increment IPV4 ID field in encapsulated GSO packets, even
when DF is set. Regression fix from Pravin B Shelar.
2) Fix per-net subsystem initialization in netfilter conntrack,
otherwise we may access dynamically allocated memory before it is
actually allocated. From Gao Feng.
3) Fix DMA buffer lengths in iwl3945 driver, from Stanislaw Gruszka.
4) Fix race between submission of sync vs async commands in mwifiex
driver, from Amitkumar Karwar.
5) Add missing cancel of command timer in mwifiex driver, from Bing
Zhao.
6) Missing SKB free in rtlwifi USB driver, from Jussi Kivilinna.
7) Thermal layer tries to use a genetlink multicast string that is
longer than the 16 character limit. Fix it and add a BUG check to
prevent this kind of thing from happening in the future.
From Masatake YAMATO.
8) Fix many bugs in the handling of the teardown of L2TP connections,
UDP encapsulation instances, and sockets. From Tom Parkin.
9) Missing socket release in IRDA, from Kees Cook.
10) Fix fec driver modular build, from Fabio Estevam.
11) Erroneous use of kfree() instead of free_netdev() in lantiq_etop,
from Wei Yongjun.
12) Fix bugs in handling of queue numbers and steering rules in mlx4
driver, from Moshe Lazer, Hadar Hen Zion, and Or Gerlitz.
13) Some FOO_DIAG_MAX constants were defined off by one, fix from Andrey
Vagin.
14) TCP segmentation deferral is unintentionally done too strongly,
breaking ACK clocking. Fix from Eric Dumazet.
15) net_enable_timestamp() can legitimately be invoked from software
interrupts, and in a way that is safe, so remove the WARN_ON().
Also from Eric Dumazet.
16) Fix use after free in VLANs, from Cong Wang.
17) Fix TCP slow start retransmit storms after SACK reneging, from
Yuchung Cheng.
18) Unix socket release should mark a socket dead before NULL'ing out
sock->sk, otherwise we can race. Fix from Paul Moore.
19) IPV6 addrconf code can try to free static memory, from Hong Zhiguo.
20) Fix register mis-programming, NULL pointer derefs, and wrong PHC
clock frequency in IGB driver. From Lior LevyAlex Williamson, Jiri
Benc, and Jeff Kirsher.
21) skb->ip_summed logic in pch_gbe driver is reversed, breaking packet
forwarding. Fix from Veaceslav Falico.
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/net: (65 commits)
ipv4: Fix ip-header identification for gso packets.
bonding: remove already created master sysfs link on failure
af_unix: dont send SCM_CREDENTIAL when dest socket is NULL
pch_gbe: fix ip_summed checksum reporting on rx
igb: fix PHC stopping on max freq
igb: make sensor info static
igb: SR-IOV init reordering
igb: Fix null pointer dereference
igb: fix i350 anti spoofing config
ixgbevf: don't release the soft entries
ipv6: fix bad free of addrconf_init_net
unix: fix a race condition in unix_release()
tcp: undo spurious timeout after SACK reneging
bnx2x: fix assignment of signed expression to unsigned variable
bridge: fix crash when set mac address of br interface
8021q: fix a potential use-after-free
net: remove a WARN_ON() in net_enable_timestamp()
tcp: preserve ACK clocking in TSO
net: fix *_DIAG_MAX constants
net/mlx4_core: Disallow releasing VF QPs which have steering rules
...
PCI defines PCI_DEVFN(), PCI_SLOT(), and PCI_FUNC() interfaces; however,
it doesn't have interfaces to return PCI bus and PCI device id. Drivers
(AMD IOMMU, and AER) implement module specific definitions for PCI_BUS()
and AMD_IOMMU driver also has a module specific interface to calculate PCI
device id from bus number and devfn.
Add PCI_BUS_NUM and PCI_DEVID interfaces to return PCI bus number and PCI
device id respectively to avoid the need for duplicate definitions in other
modules. AER driver code and AMD IOMMU driver define PCI_BUS. AMD IOMMU
driver defines an interface to calculate device id from bus number, and
devfn pair.
PCI_DEVFN(), PCI_SLOT(), and PCI_FUNC() interfaces are exported to
user-space via uapi/linux/pci.h. However, in the interest to keep the new
interfaces as kernel only and not export them to user-space unnecessarily,
added them to linux/pci.h instead.
Signed-off-by: Shuah Khan <shuah.khan@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bhelgaas@google.com>
Acked-by: Joerg Roedel <joro@8bytes.org>
Not all clocks are required to be decomposed into basic clock
types but at the same time want to use the functionality
provided by these basic clock types instead of duplicating.
For example, Tegra SoC has ~100 clocks which can be decomposed
into Mux -> Div -> Gate clock types making the clock count to
~300. Also, parent change operation can not be performed on gate
clock which forces to use mux clock in driver if want to change
the parent.
Instead aggregate the basic clock types functionality into one
clock and just use this clock for all operations. This clock
type re-uses the functionality of basic clock types and not
limited to basic clock types but any hardware-specific
implementation.
Signed-off-by: Prashant Gaikwad <pgaikwad@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Turquette <mturquette@linaro.org>
This adds discard support to block queues if the nvme device is capable of
deallocating blocks as indicated by the controller's optional command support.
A discard flagged bio request will submit an NVMe deallocate Data Set
Management command for the requested blocks.
Signed-off-by: Keith Busch <keith.busch@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <matthew.r.wilcox@intel.com>
ASoC/extcon: arizona: Fix interaction between HPDET and headphone outputs
This patch series covers both ASoC and extcon subsystems and fixes an
interaction between the HPDET function and the headphone outputs - we
really shouldn't run HPDET while the headphone is active. The first
patch is a refactoring to make the extcon side easier.
Inspection of upper layer protocol is considered harmful, especially
if it is about ARP or other stateful upper layer protocol; driver
cannot (and should not) have full state of them.
IPv4 over Firewire module used to inspect ARP (both in sending path
and in receiving path), and record peer's GUID, max packet size, max
speed and fifo address. This patch removes such inspection by extending
our "hardware address" definition to include other information as well:
max packet size, max speed and fifo. By doing this, The neighbour
module in networking subsystem can cache them.
Note: As we have started ignoring sspd and max_rec in ARP/NDP, those
information will not be used in the driver when sending.
When a packet is being sent, the IP layer fills our pseudo header with
the extended "hardware address", including GUID and fifo. The driver
can look-up node-id (the real but rather volatile low-level address)
by GUID, and then the module can send the packet to the wire using
parameters provided in the extendedn hardware address.
This approach is realistic because IP over IEEE1394 (RFC2734) and IPv6
over IEEE1394 (RFC3146) share same "hardware address" format
in their address resolution protocols.
Here, extended "hardware address" is defined as follows:
union fwnet_hwaddr {
u8 u[16];
struct {
__be64 uniq_id; /* EUI-64 */
u8 max_rec; /* max packet size */
u8 sspd; /* max speed */
__be16 fifo_hi; /* hi 16bits of FIFO addr */
__be32 fifo_lo; /* lo 32bits of FIFO addr */
} __packed uc;
};
Note that Hardware address is declared as union, so that we can map full
IP address into this, when implementing MCAP (Multicast Cannel Allocation
Protocol) for IPv6, but IP and ARP subsystem do not need to know this
format in detail.
One difference between original ARP (RFC826) and 1394 ARP (RFC2734)
is that 1394 ARP Request/Reply do not contain the target hardware address
field (aka ar$tha). This difference is handled in the ARP subsystem.
CC: Stephan Gatzka <stephan.gatzka@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: YOSHIFUJI Hideaki <yoshfuji@linux-ipv6.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Mark writes:
ASoC/extcon: arizona: Fix interaction between HPDET and headphone outputs
This patch series covers both ASoC and extcon subsystems and fixes an
interaction between the HPDET function and the headphone outputs - we
really shouldn't run HPDET while the headphone is active. The first
patch is a refactoring to make the extcon side easier.
These functions have been introduced by commit 10a8c383 (irq: introduce
entry and exit functions for chained handlers) in asm/mach/irq.h. This
patch moves them to linux/irqchip/chained_irq.h so that generic irqchip
drivers do not rely on architecture specific header files.
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Tested-by: Marc Zyngier <marc.zyngier@arm.com>
Cc: Russell King <linux@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Rob Herring <rob.herring@calxeda.com>
Running HPDET while the headphone outputs are enabled can disrupt the
operation of HPDET. In order to avoid this HPDET needs to disable the
headphone outputs and ASoC needs to not enable them while HPDET is
running.
Do the ASoC side of this by storing the enable state in the core driver
structure and only writing to the device if a flag indicating that the
accessory detection side is in a state where it can have the headphone
output stage enabled.
Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@opensource.wolfsonmicro.com>
doc.2013.03.12a: Documentation changes.
fixes.2013.03.13a: Miscellaneous fixes.
idlenocb.2013.03.26b: Remove restrictions on no-CBs CPUs, make
RCU_FAST_NO_HZ take advantage of numbered callbacks, add
callback acceleration based on numbered callbacks.
Samuel Ortiz